Subsurface voids pose significant challenges to geotechnical design. Accurately locating these voids is crucial for ensuring the soundness of structures and infrastructure. Traditional methods, such as borehole logging, can be time-consuming and provide limited spatial resolution. Emerging geophysical techniques, including ground wave velocity anal

Cavity characterization plays a crucial role in geotechnical design processes. A thorough understanding of cavity dimensions and properties is essential for precisely assessing the potential impact on foundations . Geotechnical engineers utilize various techniques to characterize cavities, including remote sensing . These methods provide valuable

Geophysical exploration employs a crucial role in the identification and assessment of potential mineral deposits. By employing various physical methods, geologists can penetrate beneath the Earth's surface to identify subsurface structures and anomalies indicative of mineral concentration. These geophysical techniques often involve the observatio